The Intrigue of the Book of Danie - 826 Words

Book of Daniel The Book of Daniel is one of the most intriguing books found in the Bible. To know God’s plan for the future it is necessary that you understand the book of Daniel. Daniel can be divided into two segments of six chapters each. Chapters 1-6 are made up primarily of a historical narrative that explains how Daniel came to be in King Nebuchadnezzar’s royal court and his rise to power. Chapters 7-12 are of an apocalyptic genre in which Daniel receives visions concerning the future and the kingdom of God. The book of Daniel implies that Daniel was its author in a few key passages, such as 10:2 and 12:4. Jesus Christ also attributed to this indication via the quote â€Å"Daniel the Prophet† in Matthew 24:14. In questioning of the original date for the composition of the book, two views prevail: 1) The book was written in the 2nd century BC in Judea or 2) It was written in the 6th century BC in Babylon by a Jewish exile name Daniel. The book sets its own h istorical timetable of composition around 535 BC through such references as Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, and Cyrus (Hindson Towns, 2013). The key theme throughout the book of Daniel is the reassurance of God sovereignty over the â€Å"kingdoms of men† (Daniel 4:17, KJV). The purpose of this book was to of encourage faithful living among God’s people by demonstrating His faithfulness and giving hope to those exiled from Jerusalem. God blesses those who put their faith in him in spite of danger or difficulty. According to

The Fundamental Time For Clean Renewable Energy Essay

The fundamental time for clean renewable energy is of the essence. Clean Energy or Renewable Energy by definition is energy that is collected from resources which are naturally replenished on a human timescale. This includes wind, rain, tides, geothermal heat, waves, and most relevant to the project, sunlight. Non-renewable Energy is the exact opposite and are natural things such as crude oil, coal, natural gas, and tar sands that take thousands of years to replenish. These energies are the main source of human energy use for technology. They provide many advantages and supply a cheap price for such energy. The problem with this is the depletion of Earth’s natural resources and its harm to the environment. Clean Energy is how we can fix such things. For the generations beyond, the people of earth need to focus on the technology to make a clean energy future a reality. If there is no change, the future, will surely and quickly turn to peril. So now, entering the stage, is the solar cell. Solar cells or Photovoltaic cells capture the energy from the sun and convert it to electrical energy (Singh and Ravindra 2012). They come in all different sizes. They can be small like a phone or large like a house. Each has a different output and efficiency levels. Yet, what things increase or decrease such efficiency levels? This project tests the efficiency of solar cells based on temperature, light intensity, and color variation. Each different variable will be tested together andShow MoreRelatedThe Current Open Economy Of America Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagespertains to government, influence the growth of the renewable energy industry in Australia and America. Overview of the Renewable Energy Industry in Australia The Clean Energy Council (2013), in a report on clean energy in Australia, reported that in 2013, renewable energy accounted for over 14% of Australia’s total power. Consequently, as the Clean Energy Council (2013) continues to state, more than 4.4 million households received utilized renewable energy power sources. Generally, the use of electricityRead MoreSolar And Wind Power Is The Best Choice For Many Scientists928 Words   |  4 Pagesconventional energy. In most cases, these damages are happened because people are more likely to use fossil energy instead of renewable energy. In 1991, the worst disaster happened in the Arabian Gulf, and it was closed to my hometown. It’s estimated more than 250,000 seabirds died by oil spill (Laura Moss, 2010). However, solar and wind power is the best choice for many scientists to preserve the environment. In the past, renewable power had some difficulties because most of the energy has obtainedRead MoreNo Amount Of Monetary Res ources : A Transition Away From Fossil Fuels, And Towards Renewable Energy Essay1031 Words   |  5 Pagesfuels, and towards renewable energy is required. To achieve this goal, deep and fundamental institutional changes are necessary. The main institutional obstacle that is blocking a transition to renewable energy is the oil sector. This sector is no small obstacle because it has deep pockets, and it is deeply enveloped in every developed country in the world. Per Muzio, natural gases make up an ever-increasing part of the world economy, and a staggering 41 percent of the energy sector [Source Muzio]Read MoreRenewable Energy Is The Best Choice For Many Scientists961 Words   |  4 Pagesby conventional energy. In most cases, these damages are happening because people are more likely to use fossil energy instead of renewable energy. In 1991, the worst disaster happened in the Arabian Gulf, and it was closed to my hometown. It was an oil spill into the gulf sea. It’s estimat ed more than 250,000 seabirds died by oil spill (Laura Moss, 2010). As well as this, more than 85% of the consumed around the world comes from fossil fuel. Unlike renewable energy, fossil energy notably pollutesRead MoreRenewable Energy Is Our Future Energy Sources1260 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent Events Essay: Renewable Resources Are Our Future Energy Sources Renewable energy resources are our future energy sources and great strides are being made by using these energy applications to improve the environmental impact towards protecting Earth. Hossain, K.A. writes in The Journal of Fundamental Renewable Energy and Applications that there are basically three sources of energy: fossil fuel, nuclear fuel, and renewable fuel sources (Hossain). Fossil fuels are being used up, nuclearRead MoreEssay on Renewable Energy1216 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy Energy is a crucial necessity and with the ever increasing need for it and the high and fluctuating prices of oil, researchers are constantly coming up with newer and more sophisticated alternative sources of energy. However, energy comes at a cost, as it is either expensive or it possesses high health risks. This essay presents the concept of energy by discussing the two major types of energy, the various forms it could take, including renewable sources of energy, energy conservation andRead MoreA Study Case For Renewable Resources981 Words   |  4 PagesEnergy generation in Hawaii is a noteworthy issue in context of the islands bound region and nonappearance of neighborhood resources. The state needs tons of petroleum and coal for power, yet late exercises have expanded utilization of renewable resources. There are numerous distinctive hotspots for renewable vitality that could unravel our vitality use issue, despite the fact that impressive measures of sun based photovoltaic a nd wind power use have actuated force value issues which have madeRead MoreChoosing a Replacement Renewable Portfolio Standard Program for Ohio1735 Words   |  7 Pages My empirical research question that I find particularly interesting is within the world of energy policy, specifically the increasingly common state level mandates on utilities to produce a certain portion of their energy from renewable and advanced energy sources. I would like to establish a specific set of conditions that are repeated across the most successful implementations of a renewable portfolio standard program. It is clear that the United States will eventually face enough internationalRead MoreThe Ratification Of The Un Sustainable Development Goals1071 Words   |  5 PagesIn this regard, one of the fundamental goals is number seven, ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all CITATION Sus15 l 4105 [1]. Are the Targets Truly Measureable? All of the targets set to meet the forestated goal are truly measurable. Overall, some facets of the targets can be measured in a straightforward and quantitative fashion. In other cases, further definition is required. The simplest aspect is access to modern energy, one either has access to itRead MoreWritten Assignment : Three Environmental Problems1184 Words   |  5 PagesI would focus on would be shifting to renewable energy production to limit CO2 and other polluting emissions, reversing deforestation to create more carbon sinks to trap CO2, and creating opportunities for water conservation. These three issues are interconnected, solving one, benefits the others. This essay explores possible steps to effect positive change. Renewable Energy U.S. President Barack Obama beat me to the finish line regarding a renewable energy plan. Yesterday, with the Environmental

Network Project Management for PM Leadership- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNetwork Project Management for PM Leadership. Answer: PM Leadership Jim Rains is a newly hired assistance project manager at a commercial construction company while Bob Moore is a head superintendent working in the company for more than 25 years. As leaders, both Bob and Jim are very efficient, which can be judged from the fact that Jim could not digest it when Bob used to send carpenters to his house on rainy days while still paying them from companys accounts [1]. On the other hand, Bob was viewing the issue as a human resource managerial concern and did not want the carpenters to become demotivated or dissatisfied with their jobs by lying around free on rainy days. As a result, both of them are good as leaders. PM Execution The execution of the project has not been going very well, which is evident from the fact that the carpenters are not happy with their work schedule being disturbed because of the rain. On the other hand, the company is dealing with a situation where it has surplus workforce on rainy days, which does no work but is still being paid for the entire day. As a result, the cost of the project is increasing unnecessarily, which questions the execution of the project. PM Risk Analysis In construction projects, one of the biggest risks is related with the weather, which should be clearly identified during the planning phase itself. Weather conditions, such as rain, hailstorm, snowfall, etc. can hinder the progress of a project as the conditions are not suitable for construction programs [2]. To deal with such risks, the company should have prepared detailed charts and plan execution in such a way that operations like carpentry, etc., which are vulnerable to rains, should not have been done in months of heavy rain [3]. Ethics Assessment Ethics is a persons judgement of right and wrong. Ethics can play a huge role in the business world because leaders often take decisions on the basis of their ethical values. The ethical issues that arises in the cases study is whether Bob should use the workforce of his company for his personal work i.e. whether he should send his companys carpenters to his own house for carpentry and pay them from the companys expenses. Code of Ethics Professional Conduct is a legal framework which ensures that honesty, responsibility, respect and fairness are the values that define the ethical decisions taken by project managers in their profession. Code of Ethics and Business Conduct have a provision for protection of a companys assets, resources and data from being misused. As a result, using companys workforce for personal work is unethical on Bobs part and can be legally challenged as well. Ethics Alternatives Bob has a number of ethical alternatives that would help him in dealing with the ongoing situation. One of the best alternative is to bring the situation under the radar of the senior management. As the company is a large construction company, it is obvious that it must have some other projects running nearby [4]. When the work conditions in the ongoing project are not suitable, Bob can transfer the surplus workforce to other projects where their efforts can be used. This would not just prevent the company from losing its productivity and speed, but will also help in ensuring a better management system. Ethics Analysis According to the PMI Ethical decision making framework, there are five steps that can help in analysing the ethical value of a decision. Let us analyse our alternative ethical decision according to the framework: Firstly, the decision has been considered after considering all the facts and information of the case and will definitely be beneficial for the company. Secondly, it Is important to make a prediction and consider the final results of the decision. In this case, our alternative decision will definitely have better results for the company in the future as compared to the present decision taken by Bob. Third, it is important to identify ones own feeling towards the decision. With respect to our alternative decision, Bob will definitely be happier as it would help him in dealing with the on-going problems [5]. In the fourth step, Bob needs to consider if he can live with his alternative decision. In the last step, Bob needs to think if he would be able to explain his decision to other people and prove its ethicality. A thorough analysis of our decision can clearly demonstrate that the alternative decision is any day better than the one that was earlier taken by Bob. Ethics Application From the view point of a project manager, the alternative decision to employ the carpenters at some other project on days of rain will definitely have a positive impact on the company and will provide a greater good to everyone because not only will it help the company in avoiding wastage of resources but will also ensure that the resources of the company are utilised in a proper way and the productivity of the company does not suffer because of weather conditions. Further, the choice will also be fair to all the concerned people because the carpenters will work for the company in all conditions, rather than working at the house of some employee while still being paid by the company. Ethics Action In this case study, the decision of Bob to employ the carpenters at his house on rainy days can be controversial and can foster a negative environment in the workplace as the workforce would start to misuse the assets and resources of the company for their personal use. On the other hand, the decision to transfer the workforce to some other project site on days of rain when the work conditions are not suitable will allow the managers to ensure continuous and smooth running of operations and in fostering a positive environment in the workplace. References [1] J. B. Ciulla, Ethics, the Heart of Leadership, 3rd Edition, ABC-CLIO, 2014. [2] A. Chughtai, M. Byrne and B. Flood, Linking Ethical Leadership to Employee Well-Being: The Role of Trust in Supervisor, Journal of Business Ethics , vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 653-663, May 2015. [3] A. Walker, Project management in construction, John Wiley Sons, 2015. [4] H. Kerzner and H. R. Kerzner, Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling, Wiley Publishers, 2017. [5] M. S. Schwartz, Ethical Decision-Making Theory: An Integrated Approach, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 755-776, December 2016.

Infectious Diarrhoea Essay Example

Infectious Diarrhoea Essay Infectious Diarrhoea is a Major Cause of Global Mortality. Discuss. Introduction Infectious diarrhea has been a major cause of planetary morbidity and mortality, peculiarly in immature kids in developing states where medical resources and living conditions are hapless. Harmonizing to statistics, about 2.2 million kids will decease from diarrhea and related diseases this twelvemonth, 80 % of them in the first two old ages of their life ; 42,000 a hebdomad, 6,000 a twenty-four hours, 4 every minute, 1 every 14 seconds. [ 1 ] A big assortment of viruses, bacteriums and parasites are responsible for doing infective diarrhea. Statisticss show that 40 % instances of travelers diarrhea are due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 22 % instances caused by unknown pathogens, 10 % instances caused by Shigella spp. and enterohamemorrhagic Escherichia coli, another 10 % caused by virus, and the remainder caused by Protozoa and other species. [ 2 ] The major path of transmittal of these enteropathogens is via fecal to unwritten contact, and besides via contaminated nutrient e.g. natural meat, H2O e.g. domestic H2O supplies, and via human to human contact e.g. adumbrate sexual contact such as oral-anal sex. Syndromes We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Diarrhoea specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Diarrhoea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Infectious Diarrhoea specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are three major clinical syndromes of infective diarrhea ; these include acute watery diarrhea, dysentery and relentless diarrhea. Acute watery diarrhea as its name suggests is the transition of watery stools more often than normal, and frequently is accompanied by symptoms such as sickness, emesis, and abdominal uncomfortableness. It normally consequences from stomach flu, which is the redness of the GI piece of land. Normally a healthy person would retrieve within 5 to10 yearss. However for persons who have weaker immune system such as the immature, aged and those infected with HIV, it could be a dangerous issue, since it causes terrible desiccation. In immature persons and babies, rotavirus infection is the most common cause of acute watery diarrhea, and has symptoms of a febrility and mild jobs in the respiratory system, followed by diarrhea and emesis. Dehydration and metabolic acidosis would continue if fluid and electrolyte are non replaced. The degree of desiccation could be assessed clinically by the doing observations of the tegument tone and tissue turgour, waterlessness of the mucous membrane membran e, and the depression of the anterior soft spot. In grownups, the bacteria E. coli is the most common cause of acute watery diarrhea, and has symptoms of febrility, abdominal hurting, and sickness. These symptoms normally persist for 3 to 5 yearss, and terrible desiccation is non common in grownups but is common if it had occurred in immature babies. Dysentery diarrhea is when blood and Pus are present in the fecal matters, accompanied by symptoms of anorexia, hurting, febrility, and abdominal hurting, normally ensuing from amendss done to the big bowel by the microorganisms. Dysentery diarrhea can be divided into two major types, amboetic dysentery and bacillary dysentery. Amboetic dysentery is caused by the ameba Entamoeba histolytica ; it may be transmitted via tainted nutrient and H2O. Amoeba signifier morbific cysts in fecal matters and it may distribute if a individual touches the fecal matters and somehow ingests it. Bacillar dysentery consists of chiefly three bacterial groups, which are Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella enterica. Alternatively, dysentery could be caused by medicines for illustration steroids, which disrupts the intestine motion. Persistent diarrhea is merely characterised as diarrhea that has continued for more than 14 yearss. Most instances of relentless diarrhea seem to be associated with the same pathogens that cause ague diarrhea. This is backed up by surveies done in India, Bangladesh and Peru, which found that rotavirus ; Campylobacter and Shigella are every bit common in acute and relentless diarrhea. [ 3 ] Several factors could hold a major impact on the likeliness of relentless diarrhea ; these include the old diarrhea infection, the nutritionary position and interestingly the eating pattern. Surveies have found that kids who have improper nutrition or an deficient diet, have an increased hazard of holding drawn-out episode of persistant diarrhea, this increases the hazard of them deceasing. [ 3 ] Furthermore, surveies have found that suckling lowers the continuance of diarrhoeal episodes. For illustration, in Peru, babies aged from 9 to 11 months who were non breastfed had mean diarrheal continuanc es 49 per centum longer than those breastfed continuously. [ 3 ] One account for this is because diarrhea worsens the ability of the baby to digest lactose, a substance found in carnal milk ; hence as a concatenation consequence, this worsens and prolongs the effects of diarrhea. Mechanisms There are two major mechanisms that enable a pathogen to bring on infective diarrhea, which is either an increased enteric secernment of fluid and electrolytes predominately in the little bowel, or a reduced soaking up of fluid, electrolytes and sometimes foods that can affect little or big bowel. Increased enteric secernment Cholera Cholera is an acute infection of the GI piece of land caused by the comma-shaped Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholera. The disease has a long history characterised by epidemics and pandemics. Cholera produces cholera toxin, which is the model for enterotoxin. Possibly the most astonishing characteristic about cholera toxin is that it switches on secernment without damaging the enterocyte. Basically, cholera toxin has two major parts, the first is a pentameric protein that binds to the surface of the enteric epithelial tissue, and the 2nd is an ADP-ribosylation enzyme which ribosylates the Gs alpha fractional monetary unit of the hetertrimeric G protein doing constituent camp production. This leads to an addition in secernment of chloride and H2O into the lms of the bowel. Hence rapid desiccation would happen. The cholera being requires extra virulency factors to enable it to last the host defense mechanisms and adhere to the enteric mucous membrane. For illustration, a big figure of the beings are required to be ingested since it is sensitive to stomach acid, and colonization of little bowel depends on the polar scourge production of mucinase fond regard to specific receptors. Symptoms caused by cholera include watery non-bloody diarrhea known as rice H2O stool because of its visual aspect ; this can ensue in the loss of one liter of fluid per hr. This unstable loss causes electrolyte instability which in bend lead to terrible desiccation, acidosis and perchance hypvolemic daze taking to cardiac failure. Decreased enteric soaking up Rotavirus Rotavirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the household Reoviridae. It is the 1 of the taking, individual cause of terrible diarrhea in babies and immature kids. [ 4 ] Almost every kid in the universe has been infected with this virus at least one time by the age of five. [ 5 ] In malice of this, unsusceptibility develops against this virus so farther infections are less serious, [ 6 ] hence there is really small opportunity that an grownup would be affected. [ 7 ] Rotavirus could be divided into seven species: A, B, C, D, E, F and G. Rotavirus A is the most common, and do 90 % of infection in human, with a contact of killing about 500,000 kids every twelvemonth, [ 8 ] and doing more than 2 million to be become highly ill. [ 9 ] The mechanism by which rotavirus invades and replicated is summarised as follows: First, rotavirus infects enterocytes of the villi of the little bowels, this cause a alteration in construction and map of the epithelial tissue. [ 11 ] This leads to malabsorption of the epithelial tissue, therefore enteric soaking up would be greatly decreased. One utile feature that Rota virus has is its ternary protein coats, doing them resistant to the acidic pH of the tummy and the digestive enzymes in the intestine. A cyst called endosome is formed after the virus enters the cell by receptor mediated endocytosis. A concentration gradient of Ca is achieved when the protein in the 3rd bed, called VP4 and VP7 spike interrupt the membrane of the endosome. Subsequently VP7 pruners are broken down into individual protein fractional monetary units, hence VP2 and VP6 protein coats are left around the viral dsRNA to organize a double-layered atom. The staying 11 dsRNA protected by the two protein shells are so able to bring forth transcripts of the two-base hit stranded viral genome, by utilizing the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. By concealing in the nucleus, the viral RNA could avoid RNA intervention induced by the host s immune response. From here on, rotavirus could bring forth messenger RNA for both protein biogenesis and cistron reproduction. Diagnosis Diagnosis is normally non needed in the bulk of acute watery diarrhea since it normally resolves within a few yearss. However diagnosing would be required in more serious episodes such as dysentery, and relentless diarrhea where it could take to decease. Normally stool microscopy and civilization is used since it is the cheapest and simplest diagnosing compared to other techniques. This normally involves the examining of stool samples under a light microscope by an experient perceiver and so cultured for bacterial enteropathogens. Particular dyes are used to help sensing of cysts and spores of the pathogen. Microscopy is peculiarly of import in placing the undermentioned species: Crytosporidum parvum, Gaiardia intestinalis, Cyclospora cayetansis and Entamoeba histolytica. Alternatively, serodiagnosis could be used to place the pathogen. This involves proving the blood serum for specific antibodies. However this technique is merely utile in certain species, such as Y enterocolitica and is really time-consuming. Treatment There are several types of intervention for diarrhea. The first and most common therapy is the unwritten rehydration therapy ( ORT ) which involves replacing the fluid and electrolytes via the unwritten path. The solution given is called the unwritten rehydration solution which normally consists of glucose-electrolyte solutions. This therapy has helped many patients enduring from terrible diarrhea by forestalling desiccation and acidosis. Alternatively, solutions which contain a high Na content ( e.g. soup ) , a high glucose content ( e.g. fruit juice ) , and a high saccharide content ( e.g. pasta ) could assist by bettering the glucose-sodium co-transport mechanism. Anti-diarrhoeal drugs have been developed to cut down stool frequence, volume and symptoms such as abdominal hurting. These could be divided into anti-motility agents and anti-secretary agents. Anti-motility agents, for illustration Loperamide, work by increasing enteric theodolite clip and promoting the resorption of electrolytes. Despite holding the advantage of cut downing fecal production, loperamide has possible side effects impacting the cardinal nervous system and the respiratory system ; hence it is non used in immature babies. On the other manus anti-secretary drugs, which are drugs aimed to aim and suppress straight the secretary processes within the enterocyte, are still at an early phase of development. Antimicrobial intervention such as antibiotic therapy could assist cut down the badness of diarrhea but is merely recommended for a limited scope of infections, for illustration, cholera, dysenteric bacillary dysentery, pseudo membranous enterocolitis and those due to parasites, and sexually familial diseases. Mention 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //rehydrate.org/diarrhoea/ 2. Handszuh H, Waters SR. Travel and touristry forms. In: DuPont HL, Steffen R, eds. Textbook of travel medical specialty and wellness. Dekker: 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //rehydrate.org/dd/su48.htm # 10 4. Dennehy PH ( 2000 ) . Transmission of rotavirus and other enteral pathogens in the place . 5. Velazquez FR, Matson DO, Calva JJ, Guerrero L, Morrow AL, Carter-Campbell S, Glass RI, Estes MK, Pickering LK, Ruiz-Palacios GM ( 1996 ) . Rotavirus infections in babies as protection against subsequent infections . 6. Linhares AC, Gabbay YB, Mascarenhas JD, Freitas RB, Flewett TH, Beards GM ( 1988 ) . Epidemiology of rotavirus subgroups and serotypes in Belem, Brazil: a three-year survey . 7. Bishop RF ( 1996 ) . Natural history of human rotavirus infection . 8. World Health Organization. Rotavirus vaccines place paper. 9. Simpson E, Wittet S, Bonilla J, Gamazina K, Cooley L, Winkler JL ( 2007 ) . Use of formative research in developing a cognition interlingual rendition attack to rotavirus vaccine debut in developing states . 10. 1: hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image: Rotavirus_replication.png 11. Greenberg HB, Clark HF, Offit PA ( 1994 ) . Rotavirus pathology and pathophysiology .

Graffiti Culture Is it a Form of Artistic Expression or Criminal Activity

Graffiti Culture Is it a Form of Artistic Expression or Criminal Activity Introduction Various studies have over the years attempted to delineate the reasons and motivating factors behind the exposition of a wide range of popular cultures, and a good number of them have directed their efforts towards studying the graffiti culture.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Graffiti Culture: Is it a Form of Artistic Expression or Criminal Activity? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though consensus is yet to be achieved on the major driving factors of this form of subculture, a number of seminal studies demonstrate that graffiti has been used by sociologists, anthropologists and other researchers to understand a wide range of issues, including adolescent personality, group behavior, sexual orientation and attitudes, gang territoriality, female suppression, social processes, racial undertones, and communication cues (Alonso 2). In the recent past, however, many states across the United States h ave criminalized this type of written expression, with some legislating punitive measures intended to curb the perceived decline of urban civility and destruction of private and public property. This ethnographic study will attempt to evaluate if graffiti culture is a form of artistic and cultural expression or if it is perpetrated with criminal or gangland intent. An analysis of graffiti culture is important as the findings of this study will expand the existing pool of knowledge especially in understanding the real motivating factors behind graffiti writers. Additionally, the findings of this study will serve as a barometer in understanding the behavior, attitudes, value propositions, and social-cultural processes of this segment of society. More importantly, the findings will inform policy initiatives and directions aimed at legislating for or against the use of graffiti as a form of expression. Background In contextual terms â€Å"†¦the word graffiti means little scratchin gs (sic) and it comes from the Italian graffiare, which means to scratch† (Alonso 2). Graffiti writers have been largely studied by researchers with the intention of demonstrating how this segment of society expresses attachment to particular beliefs, attitudes, social processes, and value propositions through conformance with or rebellion against existing mores and rule of law (Sliwa Cairns 73). Some studies form the opinion that graffiti provide a unique insight into society, in large part due to the fact that the scribbled messages are made without fear of social restrictions that might otherwise inhibit free expression of political, social, cultural or controversial thoughts (Alonso 2).Advertising Looking for research paper on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scholars postulates that â€Å"†¦the graffiti culture, like any other culture, present itself in different forms, dependent on the social a nd cultural component of the local community, the distribution of cultural knowledge, the age of the culture and particularly, the presence or lack of an established hierarchy possessing experienced writers† (Serkan Gulsen 1). In equal measure, graffiti serves diverse types of functions. The Los Angeles gang graffiti, for instance, serves as a significant medium to understanding this segment of society as the graffiti not only delineates space, but also put a focus on the existing territory (Alonso 2). Other forms of graffiti, according to this particular author, serves as a tool of communication as they are perceived to constantly challenge the hegemonic discourses of the dominant group in addition to assisting in comprehending the social and cultural meaning of these ‘disadvantaged’ groups. A study undertaken to evaluate the commitment of graffiti writers argues that graffers are freely able to express themselves through their artwork as â€Å"†¦it is con ceivable to live exhibiting neither explicit compliance with, nor opposition to, norms of behavior accepted by society, or any grouping within it† (Sliwa Cairns 75). These researchers are of the opinion that many empirical analysis done by normative social scientists fail to recognize the commitment of graffers and instead depict them in simplistic terms as individuals who lack commitment to generally accepted mores of society. Contrary to this popularly held view, most graffers are motivated by the urge to share their own perceptions of the world rather than rely on meta-narratives that only seek to present a singular, unchallenged and exclusive version of reality (Sliwa Cairns 75). In other quarters, graffiti is perceived as one of the few successful attempts made by the voiceless masses to enforce their presence on urban culture (Kriegel 432). According to the author, â€Å"†¦graffiti proves that behind the rage of urban poverty there remains an endurance of aspirat ion† (Kriegel 435). Consequently, it can be argued that the importance of graffiti lies in the voice it provides to the expression of suppressed anger and contempt of the existing social or political order. However, one author is quick to point that graffiti not only implies the destruction of city life, but it also â€Å"†¦denies the possibility of an urban community by insisting that individual style is a more natural right than the communitarian demands of city life† (Kriegel 433). More importantly, this particular author notes any form of graffiti – political or otherwise – intrudes on the privacy of the wider public by voicing a specific protest that may not be in tandem with the views and expectations held by the general public.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Graffiti Culture: Is it a Form of Artistic Expression or Criminal Activity? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gr affiti is seen and defined in some quarters as a criminal activity which is lumped with other undesirable behaviors such as drug dependence and mindless violence and together labeled as ‘bad symptoms’ of civilization (Sliwa Cairns 75). The authors further argue that the very fact that graffiti is carried out anonymously and away from public scrutiny underlines its criminal nature. What’s more, spray-painting public property with undue disregard of the views, attitudes and values of the wider public, or without express permission from the authorities, is by itself criminal (Sliwa Cairns 74). These observations led one analyst to conclude that if graffiti truly constitutes an art form, then it is ultimately an art that is inspired by an urge to destroy the root concept of what apparently created it (Kriegel, 436). It is therefore imperative to know if graffiti is truly a form of artistic expression or purely a criminal activity. As already mentioned, such knowled ge can be used to inform policy initiatives and directions aimed at legislating rules for or against the use of graffiti as a form of expression. Based on the above review of related literature, this ethnographic study will be guided by the following research questions: What are the main motivators of graffiti culture? What are the social and economic benefits and costs associated with graffiti? Do you believe that the exposition of graffiti is a clear sign of social decline and anti-social behavior? What constitutes the reasons as to why graffiti should or should not be criminalized? Research This ethnographic study relied on participant observation and interviews to collect primary data needed to answer the key research questions. In most ethnographic studies â€Å"†¦people’s actions and accounts are studied in everyday contexts, rather than under conditions created by the researcher† (Hammersley Atkinson 3). As such, the researcher utilized participant obser vation to gather data by participating in the daily life experiences of graffiti writers. This approach entailed everyday interactions and conversations aimed at discovering in-depth insights into the graffiti writers’ interpretations of the experiences and situations they are involved in. participant observation should be aimed at generating an in-depth description of social interactions and experiences within natural settings (Smith para. 5). Through participating as a member of the graffiti group while observing it, the researcher noted that most graffiti writers were motivated by the current social and political order, and they engaged in graffiti to express their own opinions of the current occurrences. A particular graffiti that caught the attention of the researcher depicted the recent shooting of Osama bin Laden with the inscription that â€Å"KILL OSAMA-REMAIN THE ONLY SUPERPOWER.† The researcher also observed that graffiti writers were not only motivated by t heir aesthetic appeal, but also by a perceived social aspect of sharing an event, experience or activity with ‘friends.’ It was also observed that continued involvement in graffiti writing was associated with pride, pleasure, enjoyment of spray-painting, and recognition achieved from writing.Advertising Looking for research paper on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The researcher noted that these particular motivators were not associated with any quantifiable benefits apart from the intrinsic outcomes described above. In addition, the researcher noted that boredom and rebellion to the existing order (especially state and local authority laws and bylaws) formed a central component in motivating graffiti writers to spray-paint public and private property. Lastly, the researcher observed that some graffiti writers engaged in the practice for competition. The informants for this ethnographic study consisted of three graffiti writers and two local government officials. The informants were subjected to a brief interview process that sought to achieve an in-depth knowledge and understanding about some of the perspectives that were not apparent from the initial participant observations. The interviews were largely unstructured. From the responses of the graffiti writers, the researcher noted that graffiti was to a large extent driven by emotional, soc ial or political expression as opposed to other variables mentioned in previous studies, such as drugs, immorality and social decadence. It was also noted from the graffiti writers interviewed that they were to some extent driven by the pursuit of ‘illegal fame’ and recognition. The writers, however, denied that graffiti was connected to drugs and criminal activities though they acknowledged that some graffiti was associated with gangland behaviors and territoriality interests. Lastly, graffiti writers contended that graffiti should not be criminalized as doing so amounted to contravening the freedom of expression. The researcher interviewed the local authority officials to gain a deeper understanding of the social and economic benefits and costs of graffiti, and criminalization of graffiti. The two officials were in agreement that the graffiti culture had led to unsightly, damaging and costly ramifications for private property owners as well as for public buildings. Th e officials were in agreement that graffiti does not have economic and social benefits to society in general and the writers in particular. However, graffiti vandalism, as they preferred to call it, occasioned unwarranted costs to businesses, individuals, and organs of state or local government in removing the graffiti; increased insurance premiums for public and private property; increased government taxes; and impacted negatively on the value of private property. These reasons, according to the local government officials, are more than enough to warrant the criminalization of graffiti culture. Socially, the officials felt that graffiti culture continually undermines community perceptions of safety, not mentioning that it exhibits discernible symptoms of social decline and anti-social behavior. Lastly, the officials were in agreement that graffiti culture warrants criminal reprimand as it is often associated with other undesirable behaviors such as drug-taking, theft, loitering, ga ngland activities, and private and public property destruction. Analysis and Conclusions The data collected during participant observation and interviews satisfactorily answers the key study questions. The main motivators of graffiti culture, according to the gathered data include: need to artistically express the current social and political order from the graffiti writer’s own opinion; aesthetic appeal; need to share an event or experience with friends; pride; pleasure; enjoyment; recognition; competition; boredom and; rebellion. This information expands on the existing knowledge as to what actually propels the graffiti culture (Sliwa Cairns 75). From the graffiti writers’ perspective, it has been revealed that graffiti provides intrinsic emotional and social rewards in terms of freely expressing one’s thoughts, recognition, and pleasure. One previous study had perceived graffiti culture as one of the few successful attempts made by the voiceless masses to en force their presence on urban culture (Kriegel 432). It is however interesting to note that graffiti culture carries no perceived benefits outside the scope of the writers as can be demonstrated by the interview responses from the local authority officials. As such, it can be safely concluded that graffiti culture impinges on the rights and privacy of others who may be not necessarily share the views or opinions of the graffiti writers. This view has been well espoused in the review of literature (Kriegel 433). Again, the findings demonstrate that graffiti is not a sign of social and moral decadence from the mouth of the players, but other interested parties think otherwise. Indeed, the culture has been accused of causing wanton destruction of property, not mentioning that it has been positively correlated to other disruptive behaviors, such as drug use and abuse, theft, loitering, and gangland activities. This finding has been collaborated in previous studies (Kriegel 435). The fin dings have overwhelmingly depicted graffiti culture as a form of artistic expression mainly intended to avail a forum where current political, cultural, and social issues can be discussed from the graffiti writer’s lens rather than relying on dominant discourses of information. This finding has been well corroborated in previous studies (Sliwa Cairns 75; Serkan Gulsen 1). However, there is overbearing evidence from the findings that graffiti culture needs to be checked and legislated so as not to impinge on the rights and freedoms of other people. Going by the findings, graffiti culture should not be criminalized; rather, it should be legislated upon through the use of a legal framework that ensures that excesses of the artwork are checked and punitive measures applied for those who fail to obey the rules, just as it is done in other areas of law. Blanket criminalization of graffiti culture is unnecessary. The government should also consider coming up with designated areas where writers can legitimately express themselves without causing damage to public or private property. Alonso, A. Urban Graffiti on the City Landscape. 1998. Web. Hammersley, M., Atkinson, P. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. Taylor Francis e-Library. 2007. Kriegel, L. Graffiti: Tunnel Notes of a New Yorker. American Scholar 62.3 (1993): 431-436. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database. Serkan, G., Gulsen, Y. Understanding Graffiti in the Built Environment: The Case in Ankara, Turkiye. 2006. Web. Smith, M.K. Participant Observation and Informal Education. 1997. Web. Sliwa, M., Cairns, G. Exploring Narratives and Antenarratives of Graffiti Artists: Beyond Dichotomies of Commitment and Detachment. Culture Organization 13.1 (2007): 73-82. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database.

The Fact-packed Email Subject

The Fact-packed Email Subject The Fact-packed Email Subject The Fact-packed Email Subject By Michael For important email messages, try to see how much content you can get into your subject line. I dont mean you should try to see how long a subject line you can write 60 or 80 characters should be the maximum. No, but sometimes you want to get your message across through the subject line alone, so the recipient can get the urgent news even before reading the whole message. For example, if youre organizing a Toastmasters meeting, try something like, Tech-Talk Toastmasters, Friday noon, Jims Restaurant. But you say, If I put too much in the subject, nobody will read the rest of the email. Then make it Fridays Toastmasters meeting agenda. What subject line do you use when cold-calling, or sending an email to someone who doesnt expect it? Use specific details that a spammer wouldnt. For example, If you want to discuss a new paint thinner with a professional painter in your rainy town of Oakhurst, use an email subject such as Better paint thinner for Oakhurst humidity. If youre contacting someone upon the recommendation of someone elses, put the recommenders name in the subject line. Even if the email is unsolicited, the details are authentic enough, and the product benefits are real enough, that your subject line may convince the painter to open the email. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?10 Colloquial Terms and Their MeaningsThe Uses of â€Å"The†

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 28

Economics - Essay Example An isocost line is a line showing combinations of inputs that would yield the same cost. Therefore, the word isocost implies that the cost of the given factors of production are constant along the certain activity level and thus can be used for the planning and decision making purposes. In the above figure, L denotes the amount of labor utilized by the producer and K denotes the amount of capital utilized by the producer. It is evident from the figure that along the line the cost of both of the factors of production is same and the total cost of production is also shown on the graph for different cost lines. With the help of isocost lines, most economic and cost beneficial decision can be made for getting the desired output. This graph also shows that isocost lines are the straight lines and the only different in them is that they shift up or down the graph showing the same pattern for different activity levels. These isocost lines are parallel because each reflects the same relative resource price. Given a  production function, an isoquant is "the locus of input combinations that yield the same output level." (Chiang, p. 360) There is an isoquant set for each possible output level. Mathematically the isoquant is a  level curve of the production function. Isoquants is a concept relating to the quantity of input required to produce a certain level of output. For a given level of output, there are certain levels of input of production factors that yield the same level of output. If the ratio of two or more of the factors of production is changed then the resulting yield of those input factors can be same for all of the combinations of factors. This implies that the concept of isoquant deals primarily with the cost minimization problems of producers. The above figure shows different levels of labor and capital required to produce a certain output of a particular product and the curve shows that different combinations of input resources can be made to

Essay response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response - Essay Example e blacks were victimized as a community but there were other groups of people that suffered at the hands of such an extremely discriminating system as well. The free black community also suffered at the hands of the white masters indirectly. The free carpenter boy who loved the slave girl could not marry her because she was someone else’s property. Similarly, the wives of the white masters were also victimized by their husband’s sexual relations with the slave women. They were forced to accept the insolent sexual behaviour of their husbands. It must have been really hard for them to turn a blind eye to the slave children their husbands bore with the slave women. Thus, women- either black or white received the most brutal blows of slavery. The free people of the North that represent a silent community are looked upon with great hope by the slave girl. She wonders why they were silent; as she believes that they have the power to change the system. The silence of the free people of the North actually represents the indifferent attitude usually adopted by those people who live in their own little bubble of life. This is not just a personal narrative of a slave girl but a life changing experience to read about her ordeal. This narrative compels the minds of the readers to think about what it is like to be a slave to another human being. This enables us to think beyond our immediate lives and to reach out to others who are in trouble. It also pinpoints to the fact that people in trouble look up to those who are in a strong position to change the course of their lives and destinies; and if their calls for help remain unanswered, then whatever hope they have turns into hopelessness and despair. â€Å"If God has bestowed beauty upon her, it will prove her greatest curse.† (47) This narrative is also about power, strength, hope, virtuousness and determination of human soul. The slave girl is an epitome of bravery and courage as she tries to fight back and to resist.

An Effective Teacher Essay Example for Free

An Effective Teacher Essay The qualities that define an effective teacher are very complex in my opinion. Everyone seems to have different ideas as to what the key indicators are. They range from; professionalism, communication, professional development, managing, guiding and strategies. There are even those of the opinion that it doesn’t matter what you do, children will always learn. However I have chosen professionalism as I believe that it is an essential attribute to being an effective teacher. Professionalism is defined by Merriam-Webster’s dictionary as â€Å"Characterised by or conforming to the technical or ethical standard of one’s profession. (Belcher). In order to gain and preserve the respect and trust of students, parents and colleagues alike and to provide students with the best education possible it is important to demonstrate professional conduct and practice. The guidelines for professionalism in the teaching profession are provided by Code of Ethics, National Professional Standards for Teachers and Duty of Care. These define the â€Å"what†. The key however is being or acting professional, this is the â€Å"how†, the effectiveness of a teacher. This is the true measure of professionalism. Some of the primary demonstrable characteristics or attributes of a professional teacher are communication, morals and ethics and professional development. Communication is an essential aspect in education, the means to send and receive clear messages to and from students, teachers, parents and community members. It establishes positive and effective relationships and connections with the involved parties. Communication can be in many forms namely verbal, non-verbal or written and used by teachers to constantly impart new knowledge or important information. The ability for teachers to apply the characteristics of good and effective communication in all its forms, to a diverse audience with different backgrounds and interests and to minimise the barriers, for example noise, misunderstanding or misinterpretation of the messages are the makings of an effective teacher. In the article by Prozesky, he states that the most effectual way to overcome these barriers is to have two-way communication with regular feedback provided by the receivers. Professional ethics is not achieved by only purely applying the ethical codes of practice nor professional standards which embody the core principles but by also applying professional skills and personal skills (caring and nurturing) and ethical behaviour in the form of attitude, intention, words, acknowledgement, respect (inside and outside of the classroom), fairness and equity with regards to individual circumstances, colour, creed, age, social-economic status, to name a few. Brock (1998) says that when dealing with ethics and professional standards there are two questions to ask; what should one do and what one should not do, what is right and what is wrong and what is appropriate and what is inappropriate. These questions result in a number of ethical dilemmas that face the teacher such as truth versus loyalty, individual versus community and religion versus morals. Early Childhood Australia has published a guide to help teachers deal with every day ethical dilemmas. According to Marsh (2010) ethical decisions have been categorised into five different levels of decision making. Open decision making, limited decision making, decisions made by the teacher, security seeking (delegation) and avoidance. Several ethical relationships exist within the dynamics of a school environment; these include ethical relationship between the teacher and the education system for example, the education system restricts teachers on what they should teach. The teacher and the principal, an example being that the teacher and principal have different values and the principal’s values will over ride those of the teacher. The teacher and the students where the teacher develops emotional bonds with his or her students and there is a mutual respect between teacher and student. The third quality that defines an effective teacher is professional development. In order to be a good teacher you need to be a good learner too. The demands on teachers to find new ideas and forms of teaching are increasing. Teachers need to be innovative and therefore attend professional development days which will help them continuously enhance their competencies and provide their students with problem solving skills and advanced thinking thus elevating them to higher levels of achievement. The desire to expand their knowledge base, stay current and gain a broader exposure to information provides this opportunity. Through numerous examples it is clear how important communication, ethics and professional development are to professionalism. These attributes will help teachers to be more effective in imparting knowledge and wisdom to their students. All of these attributes will allow the students to really focus their energies on learning and engaging with their education. Even though all of the attributes are vital for effective teaching one must never forget that the purpose of effective teaching is â€Å"that teachers make a difference, (Boyd, 2009).

A Conversation with Anna Quindlan and Alice Walker :: Biography Biographies Essays

A Conversation with Anna Quindlan and Alice Walker It was an early Fall afternoon. The kind of afternoon which lends itself to quiet contemplation of the meaning of life, either while sitting under a tree, or walking through the woods admiring the changing foliage, or writing by sunlight in a quiet coffeeshop I had begun to call home. This particular afternoon I opted for the coffeeshop. I walked through the door and waved to Theresa, who was standing behind the counter. In the three years I had been coming to this place I was never served by anyone but Theresa. She knew me only as "Honey." As my eyes adjusted to the light on the inside of the coffeeshop, I removed my jacket and moved to my customary spot at the table to the extreme rear, beside the windows. I sit here because, in this corner, I can be an inconspicuous observer of the world. I have a view of the street outside the window and a view of the interior of the coffeeshop from this vantage point. While on the way to my table, I noticed something new in my second home. There the two of them sat. One white, thirty-something, in a conservative blue dress. The other black, only the experience that shows in her eyes giving away her true age of fifty-two, dressed in a colorful, flowing dress that seemed to have a vibrant life of its own. They appeared to be engaged in light conversation like two women from a General Foods International Coffee commercial. I immediately changed direction and headed for their table. "Mrs. Quindlen, Mrs. Walker, it is a pleasure and an honor to see you. I have read your books and thoroughly enjoyed them. Would you mind if I joined you?" "Not at all," stated Mrs. Quindlen. "Please, call me Anna." She studied my face intently, trying to decide whether or not to continue with the conversation or to simply while away the time with small talk until they could gently push me away. She decided on the former. "We were just sitting here discussing men. You just happened to walk up and now we have a real live man with which to examine.

The Problem with Oliver by Maggie O’Farrell

Most teenagers have experienced that odd moment when their parents know what they are doing, even though they haven’t told them; and they certainly don’t like being compared to their parents. Young people consider themselves as individuals who have nothing in common with their parents – but in fact they might have more in common with their elders than they think. The latter might be the case for the main character in Maggie O’Farrell’s short story â€Å"The Problem with Oliver†, Fionnuala, who is a perfect, and almost stereotypical, example of a teenager of the kind mentioned in the sentences above.This short story covers some of the greatest problems and themes, we are all likely to encounter in our own life somehow. It is about the relationship between mother and daughter and about social heritage, how we all deal with growing up, falling in love – which is most likely to be kept secret by young people. What to do, when the one youâ €™re in love with comes from a culture that is despised by your closest family. When the mother is experiencing her first out-of-body experience and tells Fionnuala about it, Fionnuala is rather sceptical and is wondering if her mother has been smoking.She makes it clear to herself, that her mother has officially gone mad, and she is frustrated and tries to erase the possible similarities between Fionnuala and her mother. They don’t even look alike – not anymore. Not since Fionnuala has started straightening her hair. In which, you could say that Fionnuala will most likely not want to look like her â€Å"mad† mother. But the out of body experience made Grainne wonder if her daughter was going to make the same mistake by bringing Oliver along to the beach hut. She is laughing, probably trying to laugh it off and make Fionnuala understand it.She then says: â€Å"Then I realised it was you, and I was me, in here, in the house. † (l. 71) In which could me an that Grainne is willing to let her daughter manage it in her own way. Fionnuala may not repeat the mistake, because she could differ so much from Grainne. Fionnuala has an English boyfriend, Oliver. The mother haven’t heard about their relationship from Fionnuala, and Fionnuala is afraid of letting her know, because of her disliking of English men as equal to weak tea and amoebic dysentery (l. 49). The mother is exceedingly fond of Irish folklore and treasures the ancient traditions.And her fondness is clearly expressed in the name she has given her daughter; the name Fionnuala was, according to Fionnuala herself, an ancient Irish princess who turned into a swan. But it is obvious that Fionnuala is ashamed of her mother’s eccentric behaviour; when she first met Oliver, she introduced herself as â€Å"Finn†, unable to add the two last syllables in her name out of sheer embarrassment. The episode, where Fionnuala’s mother Grainne hides the key to the bea ch hut from her daughter, could very well be the result of a bad experience from Grainne’s younger years.We know from the text that Grainne moved to England to escape the fury of her family, and since Grainne is able to hide away the key to the beach hut, it could be a sign of her trying to avoid repeating the episode. This looks very much alike the episode, where Grainne sits on a bench and she spots a cat that is about to make it a run for the crumb-pecking finch. (ll. 25-33) Grainne is preventing the cat from getting to the bird by throwing a cloth towards a window.In the same way, she is attempting to scare Fionnuala or teach her a lesson, and maybe save her from something that could go wrong, like it did for Grainne, when she was younger. So Grainne knows, that there is something bothering Fionnuala, maybe that she haven’t done it yet, and almost the rest of the school has. In the text, Grainne warns Fionnuala about not giving in for peer pressure, and that would save a lot of trouble later. Right when Fionnuala had cancelled the date with Oliver and gone terribly mad at her mother, she founds the key on her bed, and her mother is gone.Grainne would maybe rather run away herself than run the risks of getting furious with Fionnuala’s boyfriend, so Fionnuala did not have to run anywhere. By growing up, your sense of realism is developing, the older you get. So as the dark, twisted branches of the hawthorn tree tap-tap against the side of the house, as if wanting to come in, could be referred to as the reality, wanting to come inside the house – her mind. Grainne knows what is going on, and therefore, things may get easier for Fionnuala in the future. She could maybe be torn between her mothers strong Irish standards and her boyfriends English ways.

A Revelation to me Essay

When I was a kid, I got almost anything I wanted. I had travelled to China and seen the Great Wall. I travelled to Brisbane to see the Coral Reef and I even travelled to Italy and saw places like the Coliseum and the Sistine Chapel. However, to me, Singapore was the be all and end all of the world. I had lived there for 11 years and all my wants and needs were met on that small island. I could walk anywhere without worrying about getting kidnapped. I could take a taxi and not worry about the driver cheating you. I could even leave the house 10 minutes for a lesson and not worry about being late. I had a lovely school, a nice group of international friends and moreover a house in a pristine location. All was good. One day, my dad was at work and my brother was at a sleepover. My mother took me to my favorite restaurant at that time†¦McDonalds. I knew something was fishy, because I hadn’t done anything good, but I went along with it. Then she brought me a FULL Meal. Hmmmm†¦suspicious but I again parried it off. Then she upsized it. Ok! Something was wrong. So when I went to the table to eat my Upsized, full meal of McDonalds, I asked my mum â€Å"What’s going on? What’s the special occasion?’ And she replied, â€Å"Nothing Rushad. Can’t we just have a mother, son outing?† I looked at her in the eye and I could tell something was wrong. â€Å"Ok, fine.† She said. Paused. Took a bite from her burger. Swallowed. Then said â€Å"We are moving from Singapore.† â€Å"Don’t lie.† I laughed. â€Å"You can’t be serious! MUM!† But she just shook her head, like a bothered elephant and said â€Å"I’m sorry.† â€Å"But I don’t want to move.† And she told me the words I will never forget: â€Å"Life is like McDonalds. One day you get the Big Mac, whilst others you just get simple Chicken Nuggets. However, sometimes, you only get what’s available and have no say in the matter. Do you think a chicken wants to be killed to fill your stomach? Or a cow slaughtered to fill you up? No, sometimes, you have to accept defeat and walk along the path your life has chosen.† This was a turning point in my life. I realized that in life, you don’t always get what you wanted. Fortunately, some people learn this in simple ways such as not winning the game you wanted, or not getting that pretty girl to go out with you. Unfortunately for me, I learnt this the hard way. Leaving all that I knew behind, to start a fresh life in Jakarta. Sometimes you only want something, like staying in Singapore, because it’s the safe way out. However, moving to Jakarta was a risk and a scary adventure.

A Changing World essays

A Changing World essays The sixteenth century was a time of exploration and expansion. Sparked by the Renaissance, the people of Europe began to question and investigate. The peoples curiosity and desire for finer goods from Asia led them to take to the high seas in search of an easier path to the Orient. One of these courageous sailors was Christopher Columbus under the country of Spain. In his efforts to find Asia, Columbus accidentally stumbled across a new world. This new world contained other cultures and people very different from the Europeans. As a result of Columbuss discovery of the New World the very unique and ancient culture of the Native Americans was extinguished. It was a bad thing that the Europeans prevailed over these ancient tribes of the Americas. The Native American cultures made a large impact on Europe. The food products from the New World were very important to the people in Europe. Native New World plants such as tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and especially the lowly potato eventually revolutionized the international economy as well as the European diet, (Kennedy 14). These products were given to the early Europeans as gifts from the Indians. With these new goods Europe was able to feed its entire populace during the rapid population growth of the Old World (Kennedy 14). This food also strengthened the European economy allowing many traders to make high profits. Another important gift from the Americas was gold. This flood of precious metal touched off a price revolution that increased consumer costs by 500 percent... (Kennedy 17). This huge income of bullion helped traders to use a standard for currency and stimulated the economy. The encounter with the native cultures of the Americas brought prosperity, we alth, and land to the Europeans. Yet the Old World culture was the only one to profit. The invasion of the Europeans into the New World devastated the native cultures of...

The 49 Cheapest Colleges in California

The 49 Cheapest Colleges in California SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips College is expensive, so it's prudent to consider how much you're going to have to pay before you decide to attend a particular school- especially if you live in California. While cost shouldn't be the sole determining factor in your college decision, it's definitely an important one. In this article, I'll give you a list of the cheapest colleges in California. Furthermore, I'll provide you with the prices of the top public and private colleges in California, explain college costs, and go over how finances should influence your college decision. Average College Costs in the US Before I give you the list of the most affordable colleges in California, allow me to explain average college costs so that you can compare the costs of California schools with the national averages. In its most recent survey of college pricing, the College Board (the creator of the SAT) reported that for the 2018-19 academic year the average annual total cost for an in-state public college is $25,890, and the average annual total cost for a private college is $52,500. Total cost combines the following four items: Tuition and fees Housing and meals Books and school supplies Personal and transportation expenses #1: Tuition and Fees Colleges often charge mandatory fees for services such as the on-campus library, transportation, athletic facilities, and student activities. Many colleges report a combined tuition and fees figure. According to the College Board, the average costs of tuition and fees for the 2018-19 school year are as follows: $10,230 for in-state students at public universities $26,290 for out-of-state students at public universities $35,830 for students at private nonprofit universities For state residents at California public universities in 2018-19, the average cost of tuition and fees is $9,870. #2: Housing and Meals The College Board reports that the average cost of room and board ranges from $11,140 at four-year public schools to $12,680 at four-year private schools. However, note that the cost of room and board can vary depending on the campus housing and meal plans you choose. Colleges also usually provide room and board estimates for those living off-campus based on typical student costs. #3: Books and School Supplies Most colleges estimate the average costs for required learning materials. Some colleges even include the cost of a computer and computer accessories. The College Board reports that the average cost of books and supplies for the 2017-18 school year is $1,240 for both public and private universities. #4: Personal and Transportation Expenses Colleges sometimes estimate expenses they don't actually bill you for; these include transportation costs to and from school as well as expenses for personal things such as clothing, entertainment, etc. According to the College Board, average transportation and personal expenses for 2017-18 ran from $2,750 at private universities to $3,280 at public universities. (Note that this is the only area for which the estimated cost is more expensive for those attending public schools than it is for those attending private schools.) College isn't cheap. (Refracted Moments/Flickr) Why Do Cheap Colleges in California Cost Less? The cheapest colleges in California are public colleges that are subsidized by the Californian government. California public universities are separated into two categories: California State University (CSU) schools University of California (UC) schools These schools cost substantially less for California residents. CSU schools are cheaper than UC schools; however, as a whole, UC schools are more selective and prestigious. Keep in mind that there isn't necessarily a direct relationship between the quality of a school and its cost. You can get an outstanding education at a relatively cheap school. In fact, many UC schools are considered some of the top research universities in the world. The Cheapest Colleges in California Below is the ranking list of the cheapest colleges in California. I ranked the following schools by their cost of attendance for California residents who live on-campus. All of these numbers come from College Navigator, which is part of the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). I also created separate tables for CSU schools, UC schools, and private schools. Private colleges are typically more expensive than CSU and UC schools, but some offer very generous financial aid. California State University Schools CSU schools are the cheapest colleges in California. I've listed the costs of attendance for state residents who live on-campus and for those who live off-campus with their families. If you live off-campus with your family, you’ll save substantially on room and board costs. I also listed the costs of attendance for out-of-state students who live on-campus and the average net price of each school. Average net price is determined by subtracting the average amount of financial aid (for students who receive aid) from the total cost of attendance. Net price can give you a general idea of the cost of attendance after you get financial aid. As most government and institutional aid is based on demonstrated financial need, students whose families have lower incomes and fewer assets will receive more aid. The cost of attendance data is from the 2018-19 school year and the average net prices are from the 2017-18 school year. Generally, the cost of attendance goes up about 1-2% annually. Schools are listed in order of their in-state, on-campus costs (from lowest to highest): School In-State, On-Campus In-State, Off-Campus w/ Family Out-of-State, On-Campus Avg Net Price (In-State) 1. CSU Fresno $21,418 $11,093 $33,928 $6,587 2. CSU Stanislaus $21,886 $11,302 $32,434 $6,930 3. CSU Northridge $22,969 $11,961 $34,849 $8,549 4. CSU Monterey Bay $23,564 $12,087 $35,444 $13,155 5. Cal Maritime $27,350 $15,282 $39,230 $19,965 6. CSU Dominguez Hills $23,722 $11,862 $35,602 $4,533 7. CSU Long Beach $24,738 $11,866 $36,618 $9,477 8. CSU San Bernardino $23,878 $11,428 $35,758 $8,586 9. CSU Chico $24,624 $12,074 $36,504 $14,156 10. Humboldt State $24,811 $11,941 $36,691 $14,506 11. $26,139 $11,743 $38,019 $4,403 12. CSU East Bay $25,143 $11,313 $37,023 $11,422 13. CSU Sacramento $26,454 $11,816 $38,334 $9,885 14. Sonoma State $26,626 $12,780 $38,506 $16,119 15. San Francisco State $27,480 $12,220 $39,360 $14,964 16. Cal Poly Pomona $28,891 $11,935 $40,771 $12,744 17. CSU Bakersfield $26,009 $12,377 $37,889 $6,025 18. Cal Poly San Luis Obispo $28,302 $14,532 $40,182 $20,036 19. San Diego State $29,318 $12,476 $41,170 $14,568 20. $25,325 $12,761 $37,205 $12,614 21. CSU Fullerton $27,739 $11,912 $39,618 $8,274 22. San Jose State $29,193 $12,865 $41,073 $14,519 23. CSU Channel Islands $25,517 $11,885 $37,387 $15,780 Happy grads of CSU Monterey Bay (CSU Monterey Bay/Flickr) University of California Schools In this table, I ranked the UC schools by their costs of attendance for in-state students who live on-campus. I have provided all the same statistics offered for the CSU schools above. As you’ll see, UC schools are substantially more expensive than CSU schools, but their average net prices are comparable to those of some CSU schools. Again, all expenses are for the 2018-19 school year, while all average net prices are for the 2017-18 school year. School In-State, On-Campus In-State, Off-Campus w/ Family Out-of-State, On-Campus Avg Net Price (In-State) 1. UC San Diego $32,838 $26,687 $61,830 $13,452 2. UC Irvine $34,261 $26,266 $65,253 $15,014 3. UCLA $34,620 $26,349 $63,612 $15,002 4. UC Riverside $35,242 $26,483 $64,234 $12,890 5. UC Davis $35,177 $27,271 $61,649 $16,039 6. UC Santa Barbara $35,172 $27,269 $64,169 $15,724 7. UC Santa Cruz $36,217 $27,231 $65,209 $17,266 8. UC Merced $35,663 $26,239 $64,655 $12,390 9. UC Berkeley $38,066 $27,474 $67,058 $17,862 The Geisl Library at UCSD (O Palsson/Flickr) Private Colleges in California In this section, I've provided the costs of 17 top private colleges in California. For each school, I've listed the total cost of attendance for students who live on-campus and the average net price. In-state and out-of-state students pay the same price. While private colleges are far more expensive than both CSU and UC schools, some offer fairly generous financial aid packages. The following schools are organized by cost of attendance (from lowest to highest). School Cost of Attendance (2018-19) Net Price (2017-18) 1. Soka University of America $48,996 $14,739 2. Loyola Marymount University $67,369 $43,779 3. Mills College $47,784 $24,900 4. University of San Diego $67,498 $35,931 5. University of San Francisco $68,296 $34,475 6. Santa Clara University $71,778 $41,545 7. Chapman University $73,182 $41,463 8. Stanford University $71,587 $17,271 9. California Institute of Technology $72,084 $26,361 10. Pomona College $71,996 $16,988 11. Pitzer College $72,900 $30,013 12. Pepperdine University $73,002 $40,941 13. Scripps $73,756 $39,070 14. Claremont McKenna College $73,810 $26,512 15. Occidental College $74,132 $37,173 16. University of Southern California $74,825 $36,191 17. Harvey Mudd College $76,947 $38,768 Founders Hall at Soka University (Beyond My Ken/Wikimedia Commons) How to Use These Lists of California College Expenses By looking at the three lists above, you can get an idea of the costs of different types of four-year universities in California and compare the costs of specific California schools. Furthermore, you can add one of the cheaper colleges to your list of schools if cost is a concern for you. Remember that cost should only be a single factor- not the overall deciding factor- in your college decision. I advise you to extensively research colleges so you can find the college that’s best for you. When Should Cost Be a Consideration in Your College Choice? Ideally, you wouldn't have to consider cost when choosing a school, and college would be affordable for everyone. Unfortunately, in reality, cost is often a significant factor. Therefore, it's a good idea to apply to at least one or two more affordable safety schools, especially if cost is a major concern for you and your family. Keep in mind that you won't know exactly how much a certain school will cost until you've gotten accepted and received a financial aid letter, so don’t let the sticker price prevent you from applying. Most financial aid is awarded after you’ve been accepted but before you commit to the school. Many of the most selective colleges claim to meet 100% of a student's financial need through a combination of school, state, and/or federal aid. Once you get your financial aid package, it's time to determine out-of-pocket expenses and how much you would need to take out in loans. Be sure to also weigh the financial burden of attending a particular school against factors such as its quality of education, how badly you want to attend, and its expected financial return. Ultimately, it’s up to you to determine how much debt is worth it. What's Next? If you're worried about college costs and are interested in a school outside California, check out the cheapest colleges in the United States. Regardless of the school you attend, it's a good idea to learn how to pay for college so you can maximize your academic experience and save as much money as possible. After you familiarize yourself with the financial aid process, see whether you qualify for any of these awesome full-ride scholarships! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Coteminas. Organizational structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coteminas. Organizational structure - Essay Example The company has set roots in the north (Great River), United States, Argentina, and Mexico. From these ventures, it is evident that the company uses admirable strategies to penetrate the market. In reference to the company’s financial records, it is evident that a larger percentage of the revenue is from external ventures. Its expansions are resulting from mergers and acquisition. One of the significant acquisitions is the amalgamation of Spring Industries. The company has been working on extending its global reach through the creation of global spring. This is by the formation of joint ventures with other textile companies. 10 years after its establishment, Cotminas’ capital increased from US$ 40 million to over US$ 496. From this growth, it became difficult to manage the company, leading to it becoming a public company. In relation to its financial records, the company has been experiencing steady growth, resulting from quality management skills (Walter 12). In refere nce to poly-centralization, which means development of infrastructure, housing, and urban land, the company is leading in opening up remote areas. This is because its leading branches are in the under developed areas. With this, the company ends up enhancing development and creation off employment in the rural areas. It also enhances extension of other services such as banking, security, and other welfare (Jay 23). Decision making processes It is evident that Coteminas uses mergers and acquisition to expand its dominance. An ideal example is the merger with the Wentex textile. This is a company that dominates the manufacture of t-shirts in china. Chinese prefer the products of the company because they are cheap, and the same time they are of quality. This has led the company to expand to the extent of making US$ 600 million in a single financial year. These are the financial records of 1995. These are the financial records that enticed Conteminas’ joint venture (Institute of Textile Technology 45). Conteminas decisions are on the availability of raw materials. The joint venture with Wentex exists on the fact that the firm had access to cheap raw materials. This made it produce quality products on a competitive ground because its products would reach the markets on favorable terms. These raw materials are polyester which it access on 11% cheaper than the prevailing price in china, and cotton. The company is also fast is producing t-shirts. It produced four times more efficient than the average speed of its competitors (Gary 34). The company also targets areas with low cost of labor. This is evident from its venture in the northern region of Brazil. The area fully depends on the relief aid from the government. It is also under developed thus offering chances of low labor. This is the reason behind the success of the venture in Paraiba, northern region of Brazil. The wages in the region are below the average wages paid on the southern region of the country . The cost of other resources such as electricity and waters is also cheap in reference to other regions in the country. This has led the company to making admirable profits resulting from the low cost of production. This is the reason behind the location of three main branches in Brazil, a Termeletrica plant, located in Christmas, The Great River of the North, and a hidreletrica of the situated in Minas Gerais. On the other hand, the company has centralized its administration and commercialization in a central region, in the country. The company’s has these capabilities from the extended partnership with other multinationals. This is a strategic tool to ensure that a sustainable environment prevails (Icon Group International 23). The company has been working on building it basis

Immigration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Immigration - Research Paper Example The border which separates the United States and Mexico is an important ground which has led to speeding the process of this illegal immigration (Bowden 2007). It is a process which lays many impacts on the lives of the people who live in Mexico as well as the United States. Many questions have been raised on this issue as to whether what needs to be done to cope up with this issue and whether this border has led to provide any benefits. A balanced solution to this problem should be found out and the illegal immigrants from Mexico who come to the United States for a better future should be considered and legalization for them should be an option. Not only this, they should be given due rights but regulation of this immigration should also be done so that the influx of the number of people does not overshadow the opportunities of the people who already reside in the United States. This paper further provides an in depth analysis on pros and cons of illegal immigration and supports the presence and benefits of illegal immigrants for the country (America) and the nation. Illegal immigration is an act as the name implies of breaking the law and entering another state. But a question arises that is this law above the life of a person and his right to secure his future and work for a better life and earning. The Mexican border has been considered as a right choice by many people living in the United States because for them it has actually restricted the number of people entering their country illegally but for the people living there, this border has actually served to obstruct their opportunities of earning a living and raising their families. Illegal immigration along this border has been showing inclining rates and it has even been seen that this influx has been raised after this border was actually created (Bowden 2007). The illegal immigrants work in farms and do not enjoy the privileges and rights that their American counterparts do. They work on lower pays and do not receive good working conditions. This is because their employers know that these workers will not be able to raise their voices due to fear of being deported (Lilly 2008 & Welch 2007). Illegal Immigrants are not welcomed by the governments for any other reason than the economic benefits they bring to them and the jobs they fill including the lower level and lower wage high effort jobs like cleaning, serving in the pubs and clubs and clearing off the streets. The unavailability of rights and equality measures for these illegal immigrants who are, certainly, helping the country in one way or the other is questionable (Mailonline, 2006). Groff (2010) also points towards the unethical practice of using illegal immigrants without giving them equal rights or incentives within the boundaries of the country. â€Å"It's like taking someone and making them without a nation† (Groff, 2010). These issues need to be addressed and a solution needs to be considered for this problem. It is not economically favorable for the United States to deport all these workers because it will lead to a loss of valuable employees and a considerable reduction in workforce. At the same time, it will also not be economically feasible to arrange for transport for the evacuation of the millions of immigrants (Lilly, 2008). Hence, a better solution would be to actually legalize the workers who are already working in the country. The Mexicans who come in search of job opportunities should be

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Business Ethics - Essay Example In a contemporary organisation, ethical issues include fair trade, sustainability, globalisation and most importantly corporate social responsibility. According to the traditional approach, the key objectives of the entity are to make profits and come up strategies of attaining this (Ardalan, 2008:513). The modern approach states the organisation’s performance and accountability of the organisation. The modern ethical organisation of an entity in the twenty first century explains that success of the entity is determined by the combination of the 4Ps strategy. As earlier mentioned, the organisation’s main objective is to make profits for the shareholders. The major characteristic of an ethical organisation is one that puts the matters affecting the people at heart (Ardalan, 2008:514). These include employees, customers, suppliers, the community at large, stakeholders and other parties that are interested in the company’s operations. It can be observed that stakeho lders are either internal or external and have a huge impact on the organisation’s ethics. The organisation should take environmental issues in consideration with regards to sustainability and fair trade (Maignan and Ferrell, 2004:45). The company has a social responsibility over the global environment and should take into account the expectations of the public. The core ethical principles of the entity are integrity, truth and honesty. These principles have to be in line with the environment in which it operates and within the organisation. This enhances the sustained success of the entity in the long run. In the contemporary business environment ethics should be constantly managed in an entity and it is imperative to understand the ethical value of the company (Maignan and Ferrel, 2005:34). An analysis of the elements in an ethical management framework to give a deeper understanding of the ethical status of an entity should be carried out. Firstly, the leadership and senior management has to show commitment towards the program (Maignan and Ferrel, 2004:34). Secondly, there should be an assessment of the efficiency of ethical value in the organisation. Thirdly, there should be codification of the ethics and proper communication within the entity (Maignan and Ferrell, 2005:45). Fourthly, there should be formalisation of the code of ethics through proper training and communication (Maignan and Ferrel, 2005:34). Lastly, the code of ethics should be integrated into the organisation’s culture. In order to achieve this, the leadership should be on the forefront in ensuring the company’s ethics are upheld. Some of the unethical considerations in the operations of the organisation entail issues that are not necessarily illegal but are viewed as being unethical (Maignan and Ferrell, 2004:45). Examples of such cases include lack of transparency, exploitation as to maximise profits, environmental pollution, and misuse of power, reputation and confli ct. The organisation’s activities are impacted directly or indirectly by the stakeholders (Maignan and Ferrel, 2005:34). External stakeholders include regulatory bodies, advertising agencies, competitors, consumers and other interest groups. The internal stake holders include the entity’s top management, employees and other departments in the company (Maig

Characteristics Of A Community Worker

Characteristics Of A Community Worker Introduction Human beings have been engaged with a series of occupations from hunting to what we are today. As societies and communities began to exist, several actions were done simply to tackle a common problem or to spread awareness resulting to what we call today as voluntary work. Voluntary work when it relates to the needs of a community, it is referred to as voluntary community work. The professional and voluntary community workers are both motivated by the incessant need to contribute positively to the community. Both types of community work include doing some sort of work that benefits the community. This could be anything from taking care of people in old peoples homes, to working for the children and their families. Community service comes in many different forms, such as belonging to a service organization, making donations to the needy, spending your time contributing towards the betterment of the society. Some community workers may be called upon to perform admirable actions like saving peoples lives, however there are smaller ways that an individual can help his community. (Standard Journal) Professional community service relates to everything that is done for the community for money and for acquiring skills and experience. Professional and voluntary work, are different ways of doing community service. The voluntary service is based on self motivation and the urge to improve the community without any selfish reasons while the major motivator of a professional community worker is his salary. Today the two ways are being combined. Most individuals and companies nowadays actively tackle social issues while taking advantage of personal profit and recognition within the industry. Community Service Community service is about helping others either directly or indirectly in order to improve the condition of the community in which we are living. Community service is different from other institutions as it deals with local problems rather than global problems at large. Community service is based on the idea that it is a good thing someone is doing without expecting anything in return. The real beauty of serving your community is that you get to help others, and in the end, it helps you too to have a better community with happy people and a safer environment. There are many reasons people do community service and there are many different ways in which to contribute, but the main idea is to make the world a better place to live. (communityserviceopportunities.php) There are various reasons why people engage in community service, some are voluntary and some are non voluntary. Some people like to do community service because they feel that it is the best way to improve their community. There is always somebody for whom your help and time can be necessary; this is good reason to work at giving back to the community. Many persons view community service as an important aspect of citizenship or values, while others do it because of their religion. Yet there are people who engage in community service in order to fulfill requirements for certain company, as a need to graduate from an institutions, or even as a mandatory legal punishment given by judges instead of or in addition to jail time or fines. The concept behind this is that the law can find a way to punish criminals or offenders at the advantage of the community and giving law breakers a reminder about what it means to be a good citizen. (communityserviceopportunities.php) Irrespective of the reasons to be a community worker, it is essential to remember that community service itself takes on many forms from cleaning the road monthly to helping children in poverty. There are many ways to make the community a nice place to live. Prevalent forms of community service are beautification efforts such as picking up garbage or ameliorating landscaping work, while many others are focused on education or welfare of children where community workers can improve writing skills of children of making a safe place for them when their parents are away from home. Characteristics of a community worker The community worker must be trained and knowledgeable but this is not all. The persons who need to investigate and assist communities must know and understand themselves. Before one can evaluate what is happening with others, community workers must be centered and above reproach in their own life. The worker must be aware of the code of ethics associated with the job he is doing. Their ability and commitment to act ethically is an essential aspect of the quality of the service offered to those who use community services. (National Code of Ethics, 2012) A community worker needs to be able to put aside his biases and deal with others in a logical and professional. If someone is honest with himself, if he knows his lacking, see his capacities, and is aware or his personal beliefs, he will be more likely capable of putting them on one side to tackle others justly and no prejudices. It is difficult to discuss with a family member who raped his biological daughter of 13 years old like in Mauritius in 2011. (Le Defi, 2011) But, if you are a community worker, you need to have good relationships with that abuser in order to develop trust and ease healing. A community worker must remain neutral and collect facts. A community worker needs to have active listening skills, not to formulate an answer, but hear what is being said. From this data, the worker needs to make quick decisions in difficult situations. Not listening actively may cause unnecessary pain to people who are involved. Each family feels that they are the only one to have come across a tragic experience; however there are many things in common that exist in most of the cases. (Fairbairn, G.J. 2002) The community worker needs to learn how to remove stress. Stress is one of the main causes of heart attacks. The worker needs to know how to remove stress from his life for instance by doing meditation or physical exercises. Dealing with other peoples issues is difficult if you have feelings. The quote is, God does not give anyone more than they can handle, but community workers handle problems that cannot be discussed with other people apart if the case is really complicated like the person wants to harm himself or someone else. To become a successful community worker, one needs to developl maturity as well as experience. One of the most important skills for a community worker is to be able to empathize. Community workers must go beyond sympathy. To succeed as a community worker, one must feel true empathy for people and be able to place yourself in another persons position. (Fairbairn, G.J. 2002) Voluntary community workers Voluntary community workers work on a salary free basis. They perform actions that benefit the community. They dont get money for the work they do. Furthermore, they are not required to be qualified to perform voluntary community work; they just need to be motivated to do good for the community. Voluntary community work is a group of people or a person who is wants to work for the welfare of the community without being paid. They are helping out other needy neighbors without taking any money for it. These workers should not ask money for their contribution. They should work sincerely with dedication. Being voluntary workers, they should not think that they do not need to put all their effort in what they are doing as they will not get any revenue. Professional community worker Professional community workers are required to be trained and qualified for the work they do, such as a doctor or a manager. Professional community workers get a salary like any other employees. Professional community work is most often done by organizations for money. They get money for whatever they are doing. These workers should perform their work loyally but also expect to get paid for it. They work for the community while being paid and have all the requirements necessary to be able to work towards the betterment of the (community. (Community Dev J.1980) Service delivery Service delivery can be defined as the relationship between the community worker and the inhabitants of the community, and those who benefit from the services, it comprises of both the services and the support provided. Community based approaches Community based approaches is defined as a group of approaches, put into practice in community-level programs or as part of local programs. Amount of involvement differ along set of factors from consultation with inhabitants to use of resources, decision making and implementation of the program in the community. Participatory approaches have existed since many years but the amplitude of beneficiary control in development projects differs considerably. (Cliffe et al., 2003) Community-based approaches are becoming very common and are used in many situations in the presence or absence of a capable government. Community-based approaches can be adopted in places where regular help is not available. Advocates of community-based approaches state that their built in adjustability makes it easy to interfere in places where the government is fragile, however those against say that in practice they often miss to be established, or attenuate. (Cliffe et al., 2003) Objectives of community-based approaches Just like service delivery, a set of objectives are associated with community based approaches. Four types of objectives will be discusses further: empowerment, building organizational capacity, improving efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability and strengthening local government. Empowerment of people and communities Community-based projects have the capacity to be more encompassing, to empower communities, and enhance relationships between civil society and the state (Narayan, 1998; Alkire et al, 2004). Some have doubts on whether complicated things such as empowerment can be tackled through participation in community development projects (Mosse, 2001). Sometimes it is viewed as a way to ameliorate problems while in other situations it is seen as a factor having a built in value and is a limitation in itself. Improve efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability of interventions There is large consensus that community-based interventions have the capacity to be more acknowledging to the necessities and aims of inhabitants. Furthermore, there are proof that community-based projects are more productive due to lower degree of bureaucracy and excelling information of local costs (McLeod, 2003) .The projects that include mostly resources available locally tend to be more sustainable. (Ribot, 1995). Build organizational capacity at local level Mobilization of communities determines difficulties, plan and manage projects help to empower community ability for group process. Significant questions encompass the term community and the ways in which the necessities of sub-groups and people are depicted, for instance black or poor people. Community-based approaches try to establish social capital but while this is a beneficial idea it is most of the time put into practice uncritically with improper understanding of cultural and political condition and vested concern in the status quo (Harris, 2001). Strengthen local governance Community-driven progress is more and more being advanced as a way of strengthening state-community synergies (Das Gupta et al., 2004). These approaches capacitate communities to order services and provide a means for rebuilding trust and accountability and re-building the social contract between communities and the state. The aims of making more powerful local government and distributing improved services are often confused. Strength to meet short term goods targets often divert the mind from organizational changes required to make service delivery systems sustainable in the long run. Service delivery of a voluntary community worker People have sometimes worked with the idea of wanting to find some way to give back to their community, and help those who cannot help themselves. Some can volunteer and simply talk to people so that they have a good day and making them happy. Others may to hospitals and help the old people, having conversations and listening to them, thus acquiring maturity. These individuals are most of the time more than grateful to have a talk with someone and being listened to. Similarly, volunteers are also able to help children by doing activities like drawing with them. Volunteers are satisfied with the happiness of the people whom the help. (Helping others is good for you, 1998) By volunteering and doing community service, many people get a maturity that they cannot get anywhere else. Volunteers are given the chance to see life from different perspectives, and gain a lot of humility at the end. . (Helping others is good for you, 1998) When volunteering, these people are able to give as much of their time as they want, the commitment becomes theirs. They have no problem in getting involved with the work as it is being done out of their freewill. By doing community work voluntarily, an individual not only makes a difference in his life but also in all the lives of people who will benefit from his service. (Billig S.H. 2002) Those who engage in voluntary community service are motivated by a personal force, they are happy if they are able to make a difference in somebodys life and do not expect anything in return. Volunteers are altruist by nature that is they like to help people without any interest; they have compassion for those who need help. When doing community service voluntarily, the volunteer will not care about timing if he really wants to help the other person; he will not have to respect the organizations working hours to help someone. When working for an organization, the workers will have to abide by the rules and regulations assigned, if they want to help someone they will have to do so only during working hours. (Billig S.H. 2002) Service delivery of a paid community worker To be able to work for an organization and being remunerated, the community worker must be trained, that is he will possess the skills, experience and will understand the importance of the codes of ethics. Thus he will be in a better position to take rapid and effective decisions for the welfare or the community. To get the job, the individual have the necessary qualifications and fulfill the organizations requirements to be considered worthy thus he will b at a good position to take wise and good decisions. (Learning In Deed, 2005) Being a professional worker, the person will have all the resources necessary to be able to help the needy; he will furthermore be able to use all the resources effectively without giving too much or too little. Also the worker will have a good database, the contact details of all the persons who can be of any help. The company will provide back up to the worker in case of accident, he will be covered by insurance unlike voluntary community workers. (Learning In Deed, 2005) Working in an organization only as a means to get a salary can also be problematic as the community workers main objective will not be to help people in the community but rather to earn money. The worker will not have the same motivation to do something good for others as he will anyway get his salary at the end of the month. When working with the elderly and children, the community worker might not feel happy and might also not make an effort to put a smile on other peoples face. His prime objective will not be to make others happy, the worker will not be satisfied by seeing the neighborhood happy unlike with voluntary community worker. The community worker does his work only as a means to get a salary will have no interest to help people or to work for the betterment of the community. If he encounters a case outside his working hours he will not try to help the people needing help as he will not consider it as part of his work. As soon as his working hours are over he will find it of no use to work for this community. (Learning In Deed, 2005) Critical Analysis It is true that while engaging in community service out of free will the individual will feel happy to be able to contribute for the welfare of the community, however the voluntary community worker will face time constraints, he may be doing the work voluntarily as he is not able to do it on a full time basis as he has already some other engagements. Furthermore voluntary community workers will not have enough resources to help those who need help, for instance building a place for children to spend their leisure time when parents are absent require a lot of resources which unpaid workers might not possess. They will also lack the skills that are needed in difficult situations like dealing with delinquent children; they may take the wrong decisions unconsciously and are guided by their emotions instead of being logical. On the other hand, paid community workers may possess the required qualifications, skills, experience, resources and database but if their only motivation is their sa lary, they will not make any effort to solve the problems of the people in the community. Conclusion Hence, as we can see both voluntary and paid community works have their advantages and disadvantages. The best thing that can be done is to merge the two so as to be able to really benefit the community. By merging the two types, the worker will have the resources to help improve the locality, he will be able to take the right decisions with all the skills, qualifications and by respecting the codes of ethics, have time to handle the cases, and he will have a sense of worthiness helping the neighborhood moreover in return he will get a salary to be able to cater for his expenses. The community worker should not however work only as a way to get a salary. The government can empower both professional and voluntary social workers in terms of resources, access to information and technology and provide training, so that they can do their work more efficiently. By merging voluntary and professional community work, not only will the community benefit but the worker will also gain maturity.